ClipClap: Latext for Sanskrit: Some useful tips from Daniel Stender

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Daniel Stender

e-mail: uzstzm@uni-bonn.de

Index:

Subscribe to my blog Granthinām

Contributions

Founding of and several articles for the Sakrament & Sakrileg, Journal for Comparative Religion. For example: Interview with H. Dahlhaus im Verein an der Synagoge, Bonn.
Diverse articles at de.wikipedia.org: Hermann Graßmann (major overwork), Michaels' Identifikatorischer Habitus, F.B.J. Kuiper, Paul Thieme, and about Thieme's Der Fremdling im Ṛgveda (several additions have been made in the meantime I don't support).
Die Begriffe dāsa und dasyu im Ṛgveda. Magister thesis. 2007.
Uncovering hidden treasures: establishing the dicipline of Indian manuscriptology. In: IIAS Newsletter 45 (2007), S. 27.

In preparation:

Towards the manuscripts of Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra and the commentary Pañjikā.
The Indian manuscript bundle So 141 at the University Library of Bonn.
LaTeX Sanskrit alphanumerical indexing using the Xindy system.
Technical terms (Saṃjñā) and basic operations (Paribhāṣā) in Pāṇinian grammar.
Catalogue of the Indian pieces in the "Oriental Collection" of manuscripts of the University Library of Bonn, Department Manuscripts and Rara.

Material

Djvu? Get the viewer here.

Unsorted:

Böhtlingk, Otto: Sanskrit-Wörterbuch in kürzerer Fassung. 7 Bde. St. Petersburg 1879--1889.
Emeneau, Murray B.: A union list of printed Indic texts and translations in American libraries. New Haven 1935.
Grassmann, Hermann: Ueber die aspiranten und ihr gleichzeitiges vorhandensein im an- und auslaute von wurzeln. In: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 12 (1863), S. 81-109, 110-38.
Hilka, Alfons: Die altindischen Personennamen. Breslau: Marcus 1910 (Indische Forschungen 3).
Hoffmann, Paul Th.: Der indische und der deutsche Geist von Herder bis zur Romantik. Eine literaturhistorische Darstellung. Dissertation. Tübingen 1915.
Kielhorn, Franz: Grammatik der Sanskrit-Sprache. Berlin: Dümmler 1888.
Kirfel, Willibald (Hrsg.): Briefwechsel A.W. Schlegel - Chr. Lassen. Bonn: Cohen 1914.
Müller, Friedrich Max (Ed.): Rig-Veda-Samhitâ. The sacred hymns of the Brâhmans together with the commentary of Sâyanâkârya. 2nd edition. I: Mandala 1, II: Mandala 2-4, III: Mandala 7-9, IV: Mandala 10. London: Henry Frowde 1890-92.
Oldenberg, Hermann: Vedaforschung. Stuttgart, Berlin 1905.
Speyer, Jacobus Samuel: Vedische und Sanskrit Syntax. Strassburg 1896 (Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde 1,6).

Vyākaraṇa:

Abhyankar, Kashinath Vasudev: A dictionary of Sanskrit grammar. Baroda V.S. 1905.
Apte, Vaman Shivram: Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Rev. and enlarged ed. Vol III, Appendix F: Grammatical concordance. Poona V.S. 1903.
Böhtlingk, Otto (Ed.): Pâṇini's Grammatik [Aṣṭādhyāyī]. Leipzig 1887.
Katre, Sumitra Mangesh: A glossary of grammatical elements and operations in the Aṣṭādhyāyī. Mysore V.S. 1925.
Ramseier, Yves: A bibliography on Bhartṛhari. 2004.
---: A bibliography on the Kāśikāvṛtti. o.D.
Renou, Louis: Terminologie grammaticale du Sanskrit. Paris 1942 (Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, Sciences Historiques et Philologiques 280, 282).

Bodhicaryāvatāra:

Hirano, Joshi: An index to the Bodhicaryāvatāra Pañjikā, chapter IX. Tokyo: Suzuki Research Foundation V.S. 1910.
Minaev, Ivan Pavlovič: Spasenie po učeniju pozdnějšich buddhistov (Salvation in the teachings of later Buddhism). In: Zapiski Vostočnago Otdělenija Imperatorskago Russkago Archeologičeskago Obščestva (ZDB 401691-9) 4 (1889), S. 153-228 (First edition of the Bodhicaryāvatāra).
Śāstri, Haraprasād (Ed.): Bodhicaryāvatāra. In: Journal and Text of the Buddhist Text Society of India 2,1 (1894), S. 1-16 und 2,2 (1894), S. 39 ff. (17-32).
Vaidya, Paraśurāma Lakṣmana (Ed.): Bodhicaryāvatāra of Śāntideva with the commentary Pañjikā of Prajñākaramati. Darbhanga: Mithila Institute of Post-graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning V.S. 1904 (Buddhist Sanskrit Text 12).
Weller, Friedrich: Tibetisch-sanskritischer Index zum Bodhicaryāvatāra. 2 Bde. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag V.S. 1896-1899 (Abhandlungen der sächsichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, Phil.-Hist. Klasse 46,3 & 47,3).

Experiences in Unicode

For general information about Unicode take a look at Alan Wood's page.

Table of Unicode addresses for transliteration of Sanskrit resp. Devanāgarī following the standard of IAST:

sign	decimal	hex	chart
Ā	256	0100	Latin extended-A
ā	257	0101	"
Ī	298	012A	"
ī	299	012B	"
ū	363	016B	"
Ṛ	7770	1E5A	Latin extended additional
ṛ	7771	1E5B	"
ṝ	7773	1E5D	"
ḷ	7735	1E37	"
ṅ	7749	1E45	"
ñ	241	00F1	Latin-1 supplement
ṭ	7789	1E6D	Latin extended additional
ḍ	7693	1E0D	"
ṇ	7751	1E47	Latin extended additional
Ś	346	015A	Latin extended-A
ś	347	015B	"
ṣ	7779	1E63	Latin extended additional
ṃ	7747	1E43	"
ḥ	7717	1E25	"

In utf-8 encoded HTML Unicode-entities can be produced numeric (&#x; [x=decimal]), when you don't know how to type them. At Wikipedia for instance:

[wikipedia.png]

Another simple way to use Unicode is to cut-and-paste.

Vedic signs, accent marks, misc.:

sign decimal hex chart

ṁ 7745 1E41 Latin extended additional

ḻ 7739 1E3B "

√ 8730 221A Mathematical operators

á 225 00E1 Latin-1 supplement

à 224 00E0 "

í 237 00ED "

ì 236 00EC "

ú 250 00FA "

é 233 00E9 "

ó 243 00F3 "

Accents combined with diacritic marks like r-underdot-macron-/r-underdot-acute/grave and a/i/u-macron-acute are not intended as entities. But there is a combined acute ( ́ 769 0301) and a grave ( ̀ 768 0300) in the chart combining diacritical marks. The address of a combined mark must be applied: ṛ́ = ṛ́ etc. However older fonts have problems with this.
Among the combining diacritical marks there is a inferior breve ( ̮ 814 032E), a long ( ̱ 817 0331) and an anceps ( ͓ 851 0353). With these it's easy to display the metrics of a text. For example Nalopākhyāna 1 (Anuṣṭubh):

ā̱sī̱drā̱jā̱ na̮lo̱ nā̱ma̮ vī̱ra̮se̱na̮su̮to̱ ba̮lī̱ u̮pa̮pa̱nno̱ gu̮ṇa̱iri̱ṣṭa͓i rū̱pa̮vā̱na̱&347;va̮ko̱vi̮da̱ḥ

ā̱sī̱drā̱jā̱ na̮lo̱ nā̱ma̮ vī̱ra̮se̱na̮su̮to̱ ba̮lī̱
u̮pa̮pa̱nno̱ gu̮ṇa̱iri̱ṣṭa͓i rū̱pa̮vā̱na̱śva̮ko̱vi̮da̱ḥ
Unicode's Devanāgarī is awful to handle because इ (2311 0907) and ि (2367 093F) for example are different entities. At least ligatures are generated automatically, however older fonts apply the Virāma. The Indian Language Converter by Vijay Lakshminarayanan provides usual Harvard-Kyoto input and saves from typing something like this:

आसीद्राजा नलो नाम वीरसेनसुतो बली उपपन्नो गुनैरिष्टै रूपवानश्वकोविदः

आसीद्राजा नलो नाम वीरसेनसुतो बली
उपपन्नो गुनैरिष्टै रूपवानश्वकोविदः
Richard Mahoney provides useful shell scripts for converting Harvard-Kyoto, Velthuis, CSX+ or LaTeX markup encoded files into utf-8 and vice versa. John Smith provides some easy perl scripts for converting different input schemes, too.
I found out that Google finds diacritics also in relation to their base letter and vice versa. Example:

sign	decimal	hex	chart
ṁ	7745	1E41	Latin extended additional
ḻ	7739	1E3B	"
√	8730	221A	Mathematical operators
á	225	00E1	Latin-1 supplement
à	224	00E0	"
í	237	00ED	"
ì	236	00EC	"
ú	250	00FA	"
é	233	00E9	"
ó	243	00F3	"

Experiences in LaTeX 2ε

If you want general info about LaTeX check the project page, the article at Wikipedia and read the Not so short introduction, there is the LORIA navigator and a ressource page @ Cambridge University, too. Check out the usergroups DANTE or TUG. Packets not included in your distribution can be found at the Comprehensive Tex Archive Network (CTAN), browse their catalogue here.

Fonts and types 1: Transliteration:

The build-in diacritics of LaTeX 2ε are sufficient for the transliteration: \={x} (\={\i}), \d{x}, \.x, \~x, \'x, \b{x} etc.

But they can't be combined in every way, so that it's not possible to write all Vedic accents. A solution is the Diatop macro from the outdated packet Ipa by D. Roegel und Andrej Brodnik. The macro and its usage goes like this, just copy'n'paste it:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{mathptmx}

\def\diatop[#1|#2]{{\setbox1=\hbox{{#1{}}}\setbox2=\hbox{{#2{}}}%
                   \dimen0=\ifdim\wd1>\wd2\wd1\else\wd2\fi%
                   \dimen1=\ht2\advance\dimen1by-1ex%
                   \setbox1=\hbox to1\dimen0{\hss#1\hss}%
                   \rlap{\raise1\dimen1\box1}%
                   \hbox to1\dimen0{\hss#2\hss}}}%

\begin{document}
\hspace{0em}\diatop[\'|\=a] pakth\diatop[\'|\=a]so bhal\=an\'aso bhananat\diatop[\'|\=a]lin\=aso vi\d{s}\=a\d{n}\'{\i}na\d{h}
\'siv\diatop[\'|\=a]sa\d{h} \\ \diatop[\'|\=a] y\'o 'nayatsadham\diatop[\'|\=a] \diatop[\'|\=a]ryasya gavy\diatop[\'|\=a]
t\diatop[\'|\d{r}]tsubhyo ajaganyudh\diatop[\'|\=a] n\diatop[\'|\d{\=r}]n
\end{document}

It generates:

[diatop.jpg]

The grave goes same way. There is a problem with a \diatop[] at the beginning of a pararaph, then add a \hspace{0em} before it.

Another solution for Vedic accents within LaTeX 2ε is the packet Tipa made by Rei Fukui for typesetting the IPA, and which is unique for this purpose. Take a look at this example document including the combined diacritics we want to produce:
```
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{tipa}
\usepackage{mathptmx}

\begin{document}
The term \textit{\'S\=udra} (spelled: [\textipa{\textctc u:d\:r\textturna}]) occurs only
once in the \d{R}gvedasa\d{m}hit\=a:
\textipa{br\=ahma\d{n}\`o 'sya m\'ukham \=as\={\i}db\=ah\'=u r\=ajany\`a\d{h} k\d{r}t\'a\d{h} \\
\=ur\'=u t\'ad asya y\'ad vai\'sya\d{h} padbhy\'=am \'s\=udr\'o aj\=ayata} (10,90,12)
\end{document}
```
It generates:

I agree that a code based on the build-in diacritics including extended solutions is very awful to handle. If result-orientation is not your credo you can use the transliteration font included in the Sanskrit-packet (see below), or check out this:
Using the packet Unicode made by Dominique Unruh it's easy to deal with diacritics, if you know how to type the relevant entities (see above). This depends on your system and your environment, editor etc. Check out this screenshot of my editor to get the idea:

It's unnecessary to show the output. I agree that this a very nice solution, but I've got problems with the combined diacriticals (see above). Typing Devanāgarī this way is a little bit more complicated, because it needs an own input encoding. The packet doesn't provide support for all Unicode-entities. For full support for Unicode in LaTeX XeTeX (mainly on Mac) is certainly the most perfected solution so far. If you urgently want to get use of Unicode which ucs.sty does not support you better check out if Omega or ConTeXt (see below) is better for you.

Fonts and types 3: Devanāgarī:

Charles Wikner's packet Sanskrit is made for typesetting Devanāgarī next to transliterated roman with diacritics using the same encoding scheme. The packet is using a preprocessor (that has to be used before the first LaTeX run, edit your text in another file like .skt). There are different fonts weights and slopes, Vedic accents can be used even in Devanāgarī, six different steps of horizontal density are possible beside several character options. When you type something like this:
```
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{skt}

\begin{document}
{\skt [10+] atra kecidaahu.h | .rgvedasya praathamyena sarvatraamnaatatvaadabhyarhita.m puurvamiti
nyaayenaabhyarhi\-tatvaattadyvaakhyaanamaadau yukta.m | praathamya.m ca puru.sasuukte vispa.s.ta.m |
tasmaadyaj~naatsarvahuta .rca.h saamaani jaj~nire | cha.mdaa.msi jaj~nire tasmaadyajustasmaadajaayata |
.rgve@ 10,90,9 | iti | tasmaat sahasra"siir.saa puru.sa ityuktaatparame"svaraadyaj~naadyajaniiyaat
puujaniiyaatsarvahuta.h sarvairhuuyamaanaat}
\end{document}
```
You get as a result:

As always there are little problems with hyphenation (see above) and the preprocessor sometimes produces inaccuracies you have to revise manually. Decide for yourself if the typeface is pretty. See the manual for further information, features, installing etc.
Another solution for Devanāgarī ist the packet Devanagari based on a preprocessor originally programmed by Frans Velthuis. The packet is well maintained and uses nearly the same input scheme, there are different typefaces included, but no transliteration. The input above produces the following result:

I think Devanagari should be the choice because you will find out the preprocessor is much more comfortable and reliable and I like the typefaces. For any further information about Hindi features etc. consult the manual.

Fonts and types 5: Tibetan:

Oliver Corff's Ctib4tex is a packet which do not use a preprocessor, but there are no Type1 fonts included, which are better for ps/pdf-output. Sirlin's dBu-can font is nice uncombined with other fonts. When you type some Wylie stuff like this:
```
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{ctib}

\begin{document}
{\tib lung pa zhig na rgul po'i bu zhig yod cin.
rgyal po de'i 'khor na phyug bo chen po zhig dang.
spyang po'i bu zhig yod par gda'.
rgyul po'i sras dang. phyug po'i bu. sprang chung de gsum pos.}
\end{document}
```
You'll get:

I think this is really easy. Check out the manual.
Another solution for typesetting dBu-can is Yoichi Fukuda's Tibtex. The packet makes use of a Perl-based preprocessor that needs a working Perl environment. The included, former commercial Type1 font is very nice even in combination with other fonts, so that Tibtex is my choice. Check out the example:

Miscellaneous

First International Sanskrit Computational Linguistics Symposium, INRIA Conference Center, Rocquencourt, France, 29-31 October 2007

ClipClap

Tuesday, December 11, 2007

Latext for Sanskrit: Some useful tips from Daniel Stender

Daniel Stender

Index:

Subscribe to my blog Granthinām

Contributions

In preparation:

Material

Djvu? Get the viewer here.

Unsorted:

Vyākaraṇa:

Bodhicaryāvatāra:

Experiences in Unicode

Experiences in LaTeX 2ε

Fonts and types 1: Transliteration:

Fonts and types 3: Devanāgarī:

Fonts and types 5: Tibetan:

Miscellaneous

Links

Random Indology:

Bibliographies:

Literaturrecherche:

Scholar's pages:

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